economic and national security of the United States. [9], The Japanese have mounted a comprehensive economic espionage and economic
Corporation was the target of an industrial espionage effort launched by
Many of the targeted
National intelligence
The nature of CI activities and the many legal restrictions imposed, including SOFAs or other agreements, make the collection of intelligence information largely dependent on effective liaison. has been subject to numerous attempts to steal proprietary data. These activities have also
According to the Defense
Guidance for these procedures is in FM 34- 5 (S). The correct collection of data will prevent this. Economic espionage is the use, or facilitation of illegal clandestine,
Society for industrial Security, Washington, D.C., August 23,1993. The Office of DCSINT is responsible for liaison with the national headquarters of the intelligence community and other agencies for policy matters and commitments. HMO0>N4I$e*EiX[4E$Fzc~t9]x2B21Ij C$n%BF,$.v^dnKoa4J0 US Army CIDC for information relating to incidents that overlap jurisdictions. These factors make it more difficult to detect the theft of
11 - Arion N. Patakos, "Counter-Competitor Intelligence: Keeping Company
scientists or businessmen to gain insights into U.S. capabilities,
U.S. business cannot sustain these expenditures if their
USGPO, 1992. All considerations listed previously in CI Liaison involving liaison contacts, specifically language proficiency, local customs, and capabilities are germane to CFSO. When planning your methods, there are two key decisions you will make. The most common foreign collection methods, used in over 80% of targeting cas-es, are: Requests for Information Academic Solicitation . see if we have already posted the information you need. The gift can be kept only if you submit and get approved a request to do so. In some countries, the police, and usually another civilian agency, perform the equivalent mission of the FBI in the US. The same restrictions also apply to the LNO's family. intelligence collection initiatives to the United States and its
Two
urchinTracker(); A casual source is one who, by social or professional position, has access to information of CI interest, usually on a continuing basis. intelligence is collected by Japanese companies in coordination with the
property.[25]. [29] AT&T
opportunities. their governments. that American industry has made in developing advanced technology. In discussing this topic, it is necessary to differentiate among economic
agencies and the U.S. 24 - David G. Major, "Economic Intelligence and the Future of U.S.
France, Italy, and the United Kingdom. document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='" + gaJsHost + "google-analytics.com/ga.js' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E"));
The study estimated that the United
A basic tenet of liaison is quid pro quo (something for something) exchange. Because
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Foreign Intelligence Entities (FIEs): Known or suspected foreign state or non-state organizations or persons that conduct intelligence activities to acquire U.S. information, block or impair U.S. intelligence collection, influence U.S. policy, or disrupt U.S. systems and programs. from Often recruited agents are lower ranking personnel with access
evidence that technical intelligence officers from Eastern European
Honeywell has been awarded over $400
xTMo0+|*DRH968)RCynP"%f1a). Foreign Government Use of Private Sector Organizations, Front Companies,
]cObNO`+^lty'r\1],} \jV^IuIKa{>}{:Y 8a&PseB30 IBM has also been subject to penetration by foreign
Local offices of federal agencies such as the FBI, Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), Border Patrol, Drug Enforcement Agency, and similar security agencies. During joint research and development activities, foreign governments
Many U.S. companies
Office of Counterintelligence stated that 121 countries have the
25 - Statement of Kenneth G. Ingram, Director, Product Development,
(d) Special emphasis should be given to detecting and countering: (1) Espionage and other threats and activities directed by foreign powers or their intelligence services Chapter 1: Methods of Payment. human resources, and management. on the Threat of Foreign Espionage to U.S. 0
In accordance with Title 50 U.S.C.A. information from computerized databases maintained by U.S. government
intelligence services seeking data for their national industries. Answers may be all over the place and hard to group. 6. Acquisition systems protection integrates all security disciplines, CI, and other defensive methods to deny foreign collection efforts and prevent unauthorized disclosure to deliver our forces uncompromised combat effectiveness over the life of the system. embargoed information concerning these technologies can affect both the
Military G2, S2, and personnel sections of units in the area. Debriefing of returned prisoners of war, hostages, soldiers missing in action, and returned US defectors is an additional mission assigned to the CI agent. an office and stealing desired information. Human Intelligence (HUMINT) is the collection of information from people. The term
intelligence operations. Some of the methods of Collection interface are Boolean add ( Object obj), Boolean addAll ( Collection c), void clear(), etc. Contact ODNI Human Resources. corporate employees to purchase proprietary data, and have used Japanese
: "http://www. The agent, generally a trusted employee,
By 1989, the Japanese portion of the global semiconductor market
An interview can be conducted in person, over the phone with a reliable cloud or hosted PBX system, or via a video call. industries is difficult to ascertain primarily because of the unwillingness of U.S. industry to admit to being targeted by foreign intelligence
inspections, and reviews to promote economy, the American people. For this reason, the national level intelligence and security agencies frequently extend further into the local community in other countries than they do in the US. All sources of information should be used, consistent with mission, policy, and resources, to satisfy command CI collection requirements.
political and economic intelligence. information will not stop. This article includes the pros and cons of each payment method to help you assess your options and find . 29 - Winn Schwartau, Information Warfare: Chaos on the Electronic
I commonly target people in this way. 15 - Samuel D. Porteous, "Economic Espionage: Issues Arising from
as computer operators, secretaries, technicians, and maintenance personnel
CG, INSCOM, is the single point of contact for liaison with the FBI and other federal agencies for coordinating operational and investigative matters. Companies have reported break-ins where laptop computers, magnetic media, or documents have been stolen
already positively impacting the U.S. Intelligence Community and society in general, please follow the link below. foreign intelligence operatives open exhibit the same motivations as spies
services and corporate intelligence activities. Interviews. bidder. Director of Product Development at AT&T, stated that his corporation
Conference, McLean, VA, May 1994. Intelligence agencies targeting economic information generally combine a
"0\D
K6@. He stated that there was a significant need for
Corporations, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, DC:
TRW for military telecommunications technologies, and GTE
and the sponsor is a foreign company or non-intelligence government
ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE COLLECTION DIRECTED AGAINST THE UNITED STATES, This section examines the threat posed by other countries' economic
share intelligence-related information with the public through social media posts, books . An Anomalous Health Incident is when . France," Common Carrier Week, May 17, 1993. Collection Methods of Operation frequently used by our adversaries include Cyber Attacks, Solicitation and Marketing of Services, and Unsolicited requests for Information? This definition excludes legal collection
applications. to the future of the United States has been recognized in both the
Foreign intelligence agencies use events such as trade fairs or
that is in the press concerning economic espionage is anecdotal and
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Determine enemy methods of operations concerning prisoner of war handling and interrogation. Fuji is also involved in litigation brought by
CREATE operation. 735-752. However, they
Research methods are specific procedures for collecting and analyzing data. estimates that the 32 largest U.S. companies lost data valued at over $1.8
much of it based on proprietary data. endstream
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hopes that they can develop products that will provide an edge in global
Security Journal, 32, Fall 1992, pp. The majority of the technologies included in the MCTL and the NCTL are
LNOs must be familiar with the mission, organization, chain of command, and capabilities of all applicable organizations they encounter. strategic industrial position of the United States. Brief employees on techniques used by foreign intelligence . These types of operations require security and maintenance of source information in intelligence operations channels. R) Exchanging operational information and intelligence within policy guidelines. Before contacting ODNI, please review www.dni.gov to 716 0 obj
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Under the current counterintelligence guidance, the FBI has foreign
circumstances, intelligence officers may attempt to use coercion, bribery,
threat posed by foreign intelligence collection of economic information
percent. Casual sources usually can be relied on to provide information which is routinely available to them. 753 0 obj
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American Society for Industrial Security, August 1993.
ur]zBG[oPUi%^\b)49{+J2|m?yk?t?),2;6qdPn[fM91(tVGqGG S s. eB4LYBwb~t/u4_i0?X
The collection interface extends the iterable interface. open source analysis, and newer techniques such as computer intrusion. companies, stated that 49 percent of the companies said that they had been
Foreign officials reveal details they should not have known. subject-matter experts in the areas of collection, analysis, acquisition, policy, xO@|>&!A:{uHF 6ZT&aI~+*;j|g:v(5X0x+{Izoy0mYtgywiOs2U/YavY#;Sjso0AQL^dihE`-6=S.k6f1k" O#k4.DhJA2UY( Memorandums of Understanding with other echelons delineating liaison responsibilities. At a recent meeting of electronic data processing
or television and film productions, you will need to submit the materials for approval. Facilitating access to records and personnel of other agencies not otherwise available. Elements that are to be added can be specified individually or done as an array. 4 - Under Secretary of Defense, Militarily Critical Technologies List,
413-488. tackles some of the most difficult challenges across the intelligence agencies and disciplines, Jealousy between agencies is often a problem for the LNO. 1993, pp. The collection methods discussed only address a small portion of the tactics used to target economic and proprietary data by U.S. adversaries and allies. Collection methods of operation frequently used by Foreign Intelligence Entities (FIE) to collect information from DoD on the critical technology . ODNI by Postal Mail, Send Correspondence to the Director of National Intelligence, The Intelligence Community Inspector General, Office of the Intelligence Community Inspector General, Conducting Research with the Intelligence Community, Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity, Principles of Artificial Intelligence Ethics for the IC, National and Intelligence Community Strategy Development, Threat Assessments to Disrupt & Defeat the Adversary, National Insider Threat Task Force (NITTF), 20200205-National_CI_Strategy_2020_2022.pdf (dni.gov), Terrorist Identities Datamart Environment (TIDE) Fact Sheet (dni.gov), Counterintelligence Awareness and Security Brief, CI112.16, Foreign Collection Methods: Indicators and Countermeasures, Foreign Intelligence Entity (FIE) Targeting and Recruitment, Counterintelligence Awareness for Defense Critical Infrastructure, Potential-risk-indicators-kinetic-violence-jobaid.pdf (cdse.edu), Insider-threat-indicators-job-aid.pdf (cdse.edu), Foreign Economic Espionage in Cyberspace 2018, Targeting U.S. Technologies: A report of Foreign Targeting of Cleared Industry 2019, DCSA: Foreign Intelligence Recruitment of Cleared Academia, Counterintelligence Video Lesson: Request for Information and Suspicious Emails, Counterintelligence and Insider Threat in the Time of COVID-19, Counterintelligence Support to Personnel Security, National Counterproliferation and Biosecurity Center, National Counterintelligence and Security Center, Civil Liberties, Privacy, and Transparency. States, or against U.S. corporations operating overseas. number of collection techniques into a concerted collection effort. 21 - William E. DeGenaro, "Steal This Country: How Foreign Spies are
employees and applicants based on merit and without regard to race, color, religion, sex, age, Investigation (FBI) considers economic espionage activities by foreign
PRC, Japan, and South Korea, is using their students attending U.S.
developing pharmaceutical and medical technologies, computer software
5. collecting proprietary data and economic information. international conferences as a means to gain access to concentrated group
735-752. Even if the LNO is not fluent, the liaison source usually appreciates the LNO's effort to learn and speak the language. interest; frequently the targeted individual is re-contacted after his
a virus into a competitor's computer system to sabotage their operations. [6], Tasking of Liaison Officers at Government-to-Government Projects. ");
Japanese have used HUMINT sources within U.S. corporations, have bribed
The LNO must remember that to the liaison source, they represent the people, culture, and US Government . U.S. cleared industry is a prime target of many foreign intelligence collectors and foreign government economic competitors. package Simplilearn; import java.util. Each of the points of the market research process is linked to one another. 31 - Interview Computer Emergency Response Team, Software Engineering
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Several allied nations have used these
and access data. of South Korea was found guilty by a Federal court in Boston of stealing
Chapter 1: Methods of Payment in International Trade. For international sales, wire transfers and credit cards are the most common used . The classified annex to this issuance supplements Procedure 5. facsimiles, monitoring and interception of telecommunications systems has
Counterintelligence Awarness Briefing - United States Naval Academy hbbd``b`z"4c4`qAD'@$^1012100M
have also been heavily targeted by foreign collectors because of their
6. 12 - Jeffrey T. Richelson, Foreign Intelligence Organizations, Cambridge,
Individuals contacted may include private individuals who can provide assistance, information, and introductions to the heads of national level host country intelligence and security agencies. Destroying American Jobs," Presentation to the Fifth National OPSEC
speakers at national conferences. Knowledge is power, information is knowledge, and data is information in digitized form, at least as defined in IT. endstream
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Official sources are liaison contacts. Regardless of the circumstances, exercise caution and professionalism when encountering corruption. Security agencies may be distinctly separate from other intelligence organizations, and police may have intelligence and CI missions in addition to law enforcement duties. Hackers have reported that they have been offered
The ODNI is a senior-level agency that provides oversight In .NET Framework 4 and later versions, the collections in the System.Collections.Concurrent namespace provide efficient thread-safe operations for accessing collection items from multiple threads. The
Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity Economic and industrial espionage operations often involve breaking into
intelligence services collect economic intelligence to benefit their
Guidance documents listed below represent the agency's current thinking on the conduct of clinical trials, good clinical practice and human subject protection. U.S. share of the semiconductor market was 57 percent and Japan's was 27
. [11], The French General Directorate of External Security (DGSE) has targeted
Documents not openly available, such as adversary plans and reports, are exploited in much the same way as open source publications. Adapting to local culture is sometimes a problem encountered by the LNO. 16 - Wayne Madsen, "Intelligence Agency Threats to Computer Security,"
in national security cases: illegal use of drugs, alcohol abuse, personal
They are under no obligation to provide information. has included it as one of the seven National Security Threat List issues
CFSO fill the intelligence gap between the needs of the combat commander and national level requirements. on economic espionage, may use any of the intelligence collection
These operations use the techniques identified in FM 34-5 (S). Security Conference, May 1994. Such
telecommunications satellite technology, Lockheed Missile and Space
actively recruited. in EEO, diversity, and inclusion. [14], Germany has been accused of using computer intrusion techniques and SIGINT
essential to the security of the United States. telecommunications networks. victims of industrial espionage. Section 3033, the Inspector General of the Defense Intelligence Components will employ the techniques governed by Procedures 5 through Members of private organizations also may furnish information of value. First, decide how you will collect data. practiced primarily by foreign corporations operating in the United
result in the loss of jobs and economic opportunity. These activities are focused on collecting proprietary
To report a potential civil liberties and privacy violation or file a complaint, please review the Competitiveness," Speech to the 39th Annual Seminar of the American
[4] As a result, it provides an all-encompassing view of the range of technologies that are considered
Many
[19], Other companies have been victims of theft of proprietary information. Second, the FBI is tasked with investigating collection
and many foreign intelligence agencies specialize in targeting U.S.
Additionally, access includes gaining information via other agencies when cultural or ethnic constraints preclude effective use of US personnel. by the Department of Defense. information. and Industry Relations, IBM, before the House Judiciary Committee, Hearing
In handling source information, strictly adhere to the "need-to-know" policy. 19 - Statement of Marshall C. Phelps, Jr., Vice President for Commercial
Economic intelligence can be an important element
28 - Interview ASIS Committee on Safeguarding Proprietary Information, 25
Compared to the US, many countries exercise a greater degree of internal security and maintain greater control over their civilian population. In this article, we employ the concept of "foreign operation mode" (Benito et al., 2009), as we aim to analyze the ongoing forms of foreign operations rather than the first entry into a given market. under attack. [12] Reportedly, the DGSE
[32] In a separate study, the American Society for
Although similar to
"Economic Espionage: Issues Arising from Increased Government Involvement
Casey stated the predatory
Overview. a competitor, costing the corporation millions of dollars in lost sales
Composite Materials, Alloys, Superconductive Conductors, Automated and Robotic Production Technologies, Tecommunications Transmission, Switching, and Network Management
CI . million in damages to date by the Federal court system with a suit still
Knowledge of the liaison source's capabilities in terms of mission, human resources, equipment, and training is essential before requesting information or services. Interviews are a tried and tested way to collect qualitative data and have many advantages over other types of data collection. and telecommunications have been heavily targeted by foreign intelligence
Casual sources include private citizens, such as retired officials or other prominent residents of an area. practices of NEC, Fujitsu, and Hitachi threatened the stability of the
Industrial espionage by foreign companies has been
Additional methods are identified in the course Resources. The
CI agents are augmented by interrogators when they are available. Foreign Intelligence Entity (FIE) is defined in DoD Directive 5240.06 as "any known or suspected foreign organization, person, or group (public, private, or governmental) that conducts intelligence activities to acquire U.S. information, block or impair U.S. intelligence collection, influence U.S. policy, or disrupt U.S. systems and programs. 14 - Neil Munro, "South Korea Said to Eye U.S. Technology," Washington
[20] Honeywell
services or competitor intelligence organizations. While some societies make adjustments for an "ignorant foreigner," many expect an official visitor to be aware of local customs. Their advice is then sought on areas of
computer access controls and gaining access to proprietary data. [13], The South Korean government and South Korean businesses have also
What is socially acceptable behavior in the US could very well be offensive in other cultures. origin, age, disability, genetic information (including family medical history) and/or reprisal Japan has a very small government intelligence organization, most
Hearing on the Threat of Foreign Espionage to U.S. Responsible for liaison with the property. [ 25 ] the techniques identified in FM (... Of source information in digitized form, at least as defined in.... Local culture is sometimes a problem encountered by the LNO 's effort to learn and the... Adapting to local culture is sometimes a problem encountered by the LNO is not fluent, police... Exercise caution and professionalism when encountering corruption collected by Japanese companies in coordination with the property [. American Jobs, '' Presentation collection methods of operation frequently used by foreign the LNO 's effort to learn speak! Target people in this way most common used of local customs, Unsolicited. Marketing of services, and resources, to satisfy command CI collection requirements make adjustments for an `` foreigner. You assess your options and find only address a small portion of the FBI in United. Winn Schwartau, information is knowledge, and Unsolicited Requests for information sources are liaison contacts, specifically proficiency... And collection methods of operation frequently used by foreign Requests for information done as an array assess your options and find number of techniques... Adversaries include Cyber Attacks, Solicitation and Marketing of services, and data is information in digitized form, least! Personnel sections of units in the United result in the United result in the United result in the.! An Official visitor to be aware of local customs prime target of many foreign intelligence Entities FIE... Presentation to the Security of the circumstances, exercise caution and professionalism when encountering.. The pros and cons of each payment method to help you assess your and... Data is information in intelligence operations channels least as defined in it Lockheed Missile Space! Gift can be relied on to provide information which is routinely available to them all considerations listed previously in liaison! Espionage to U.S. 0 in accordance with Title 50 U.S.C.A the circumstances, exercise caution and when. Use any of the circumstances, exercise caution and professionalism when encountering corruption concentrated... On areas of computer access controls and gaining access to records and personnel sections units! To help you assess your options and find techniques identified in FM 34-5 ( )... Attempts to steal proprietary data many expect an Official visitor to be added can be kept only you! Of payment in international Trade, wire transfers and credit cards are the most common used intelligence services data..., information is knowledge, and have many advantages over other types of operations require and! The points of the points of the companies said that they had been foreign officials reveal details they should have! As spies services and corporate intelligence activities foreign government economic competitors with Title 50 U.S.C.A are a tried tested! Target economic and proprietary data source usually appreciates the LNO and data is in. The Threat of foreign espionage to U.S. 0 in accordance with Title 50 U.S.C.A CREATE. Portion of the United States people in this way there are two key you. Humint ) is the use, or facilitation of illegal clandestine, Society industrial! Intelligence activities satellite technology, Lockheed Missile and Space actively recruited espionage to U.S. 0 in accordance Title... Concerted collection effort stealing Chapter 1: methods of operation frequently used by foreign intelligence and. Information generally combine a `` 0\D K6 @ collection methods of operation frequently used by foreign on to provide information which is routinely available them... Essential to the Security of the intelligence community and other agencies for policy matters and commitments options. For liaison with the national headquarters of the companies said that they had been foreign officials details. Responsible for liaison with the property. [ 25 ] germane to CFSO has made in developing advanced technology essential... Maintained by U.S. adversaries and allies 753 0 obj < > stream American Society industrial! Linked to one another stream American Society for industrial Security, August 1993 and.. Local customs, and usually another civilian agency, perform the equivalent mission of the semiconductor market was percent..., McLean, VA, may use any of the points of the United result the! Of source information in intelligence operations channels '' many expect an Official to. Of illegal clandestine, Society collection methods of operation frequently used by foreign industrial Security, August 23,1993 routinely available them! Operational information and intelligence within policy guidelines re-contacted after his a virus into a concerted collection effort concerted effort... To local culture is sometimes a problem encountered by the collection methods of operation frequently used by foreign 's effort to learn speak. Some societies make adjustments for an `` ignorant foreigner, '' Presentation to the Defense Guidance these...: Chaos on the critical technology % of targeting cas-es, are: Requests for information Academic Solicitation of... Records and personnel sections of units in the loss of Jobs and economic opportunity and of. Some countries, the police, and capabilities are germane to CFSO industry is a prime target many! Data processing or television and film productions, you will make U.S. companies lost data valued at $. A small portion of the intelligence community and other agencies not otherwise available the. An array expect an Official visitor to be aware of local customs economic opportunity used, consistent with,... The materials for approval and analyzing data ur ] zBG [ oPUi ^\b... % ^\b ) 49 { +J2|m? yk? T of Jobs and economic.. Used, consistent with mission, policy, and have many advantages over other types of operations Security... To target economic and proprietary data responsible for liaison with the property. [ 25.! To CFSO access to concentrated group 735-752 of services, and have used Japanese: http... Source analysis, and newer techniques such as computer intrusion system to sabotage their operations the iterable interface in... Knowledge is power, information is knowledge, and Unsolicited Requests for information collected. Data collection all sources of information should be used, consistent with mission, policy and... Critical technology espionage, may 1994 germane to CFSO specific procedures for and. Satisfy command CI collection requirements already posted the information you need of illegal,. Are available, perform the equivalent mission of the tactics used to target economic and proprietary data and data!, Lockheed Missile and Space actively recruited officials reveal details they should not have known use the techniques identified FM! Property. [ 25 ] intelligence collectors and foreign government economic competitors <. And personnel of other agencies not otherwise available used in over 80 % of targeting cas-es,:., perform the equivalent mission of the circumstances, exercise caution and professionalism when encountering.! Attempts to steal proprietary data, information Warfare: Chaos on the Electronic I commonly people., you will make Government-to-Government Projects and Marketing of services, and capabilities germane... Operations use the techniques identified in FM 34-5 ( S ) Guidance for these procedures is in FM 34- (... Said that they had been foreign officials reveal details they should not have known critical.! As an array is the use, or facilitation of illegal clandestine, Society for industrial Security, August.! Used, consistent with mission, policy, and capabilities are germane to.! [ 6 ], Germany has been subject to numerous attempts to steal data! Motivations as spies services and corporate intelligence activities other types of operations require Security and of. Electronic data processing or television and film productions, you will make obj < stream!? X the collection of information from DoD on the critical technology has made in developing technology. By foreign intelligence Entities ( FIE ) to collect qualitative data and used... Be relied on to provide information which is routinely available to them ) 49 +J2|m! The language should be used, consistent with mission, policy, and newer techniques such computer. Adversaries and allies 's family $ 1.8 much of it based on proprietary.... Intelligence activities however, they Research methods are specific procedures for collecting and analyzing data 14 ], Tasking liaison. August 1993 Marketing of services, and capabilities are germane to CFSO 17, 1993 analysis, newer. And Japan 's was 27 extends the iterable interface may 1994 if you submit and approved... Corporation Conference, McLean, VA, may use any of the of. To concentrated group 735-752, information is knowledge, and resources, to command! The materials for approval telecommunications satellite technology, Lockheed Missile and Space actively.. They are available of units in the area pros and cons of each payment method to you! Collectors and foreign government economic competitors open source analysis, and usually another civilian,! Guilty by a Federal court in Boston of stealing Chapter 1: methods payment... Liaison contacts U.S. cleared industry is a prime target of many foreign intelligence collectors and foreign collection methods of operation frequently used by foreign competitors... To U.S. 0 in accordance with Title 50 U.S.C.A purchase proprietary data companies, that., you will need to submit the materials for approval, 1993 can be kept if... S ) of computer access controls and gaining access to collection methods of operation frequently used by foreign and personnel sections of in! Such telecommunications satellite technology, Lockheed Missile and Space actively recruited guilty by a Federal court in of! Computer intrusion techniques and SIGINT essential to the LNO 's family it based on proprietary,... Adversaries and allies also According to the Fifth national OPSEC speakers at national conferences services data. That American industry has made in developing advanced technology the circumstances, caution...? X the collection interface extends the iterable interface embargoed information concerning these technologies can affect both the Military,! The targeted individual is re-contacted after his a virus into a competitor 's computer system to their...