B. whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. in other words, how might future presidents use Jefferson actions to justify their own? B. the president's skill at balancing the demands of competing groups. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. B. The President's Czars: Undermining Congress and the Constitution. But whereas the Supreme Court has largely vitiated the Calling Forth Clauses potential role as a structural check on other uses of military power, the Clause remains relevant today in helping to cement Congresss constitutional authority to circumscribe the Presidents domestic war powersauthority it has exercised in a number of circumstances, including through the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878, which requires express authorization from Congress before the military may be utilized in a domestic law enforcement capacity. While most Americans were ready to applaud Nixons initiatives with China and Russia as a means of defusing cold war tensions, they would become critical of his machinations in ending the Vietnam War. Professor of Law at the University of San Diego School of Law, Dalton Cross Professor in Law at the University of Texas at Austin School of Law, The Commander in Chief Clause of Article II, Section 2 provides that The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States. As Justice Jackson put it in the Steel Seizure case (Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952)), These cryptic words have given rise to some of the most persistent controversies in our constitutional history, with Presidents at various points claiming that it vests power to do anything, anywhere, that can be done with an army or navy., At a minimum, all agree that the Clause has two separate but related purposes: First, in response to the charge in the Declaration of Independence that the King had affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power, it ensures civilian superintendence over the militaryand, as such, the subordination of the military to civilian (and democratically accountable) control. A more difficult question is how much authority the Clause gives the President beyond operations approved by Congress. Thus, in a pair of 1918 Supreme Court rulingsthe Selective Draft Law Cases and Cox v. Woodthe Justices concluded that the Calling Forth Clause does not in fact limit the circumstances in which the government may call out the militia, upholding the constitutionality of a draft designed to recruit soldiers to fight in World War I, a purely foreign conflict. A president's power has largely depended on. D. the Federal Bureau of Investigation C. has been used more extensively in recent decades, such that the candidate who dominates the primaries can usually expect to receive the nomination. He also knew how to secure widespread backing for himself and his policies. When he announced the expansion of ground forces that July 28, he did so not in a nationally televised address or before a joint Congressional session, but during a press conference in which he tried to dilute the news by also disclosing his nomination of Abe Fortas to the Supreme Court. If the United States undertakes military operations, either by authorization from Congress or under the Presidents independent powers, the Constitution makes the President Commander in Chief of all U.S. military forces, and Congress cannot give command to any other person. A. the margin of victory in the presidential campaign. Unlike Truman, Kennedy was already quite aware that the success of any major policy initiative depended on a national consensus. These cases indicate that the independent authority conveyed to the President by the Clause generally does not extend to interference with the rights and duties of U.S. civilians, at least outside the battlefield. E. mid-term elections. 21. E. He cast aside the Whig theory in favor of the stewardship theory. 39. E. weaken Congress in foreign policy matters. Congress can no more interfere with the Presidents conduct of the interrogation of enemy combatants than it can dictate strategic or tactical decisions on the battlefield. States that apply the unit rule C. 1968 D. of the desire of U.S. business to expand into Latin America and Asia, which required executive action at the highest level. A. the U.S. Senate Terms of Use C. 1856 in this article we highlight a formal basis for presidential power that has gone largely unappreciated to this point, but has become so pivotal to presidential leadership and so central to an understanding of presidential power that it virtually defines what is distinctively modern about the modern presidency. The Constitution specifies two sources of presidential power: Expressed powers include the power to make treaties, grant pardons and nominate judges. Which of the following is a reason that the nation did not routinely need a strong president during most of the nineteenth century? E. Daniel Webster and Henry Clay accepted nominations to the vice presidency as stepping stones to the presidency. E. office where power is fairly constant, regardless of the occupant or the circumstances. Privacy Statement E. None of these answers is correct. D. Lyndon Johnson C. must be a natural-born citizen B. John Quincy Adams. Every decision on how to respond to Khrushchevs action rested exclusively with Kennedy and his inner circle. E. is subordinate to the Supreme Court. The most controversial aspect of the Clause is whether it limits Congresss ability to enact statutes directing how military operations are conducted. B. Mitchel A . C. of the need to coordinate national economic policy and foreign policy, a task to which the presidency was well suited. The more interesting question is why the Calling Forth Clause has disappeared from our modern view of how the Constitution separates war powers. He knew that if he responded ineffectually, domestic opponents would attack him for setting back the nations security, and allies abroad would doubt his resolve to meet Soviet threats to their safety. C. the president's ability to come up with good ideas. A. momentum. Which one of the following did NOT serve as a state governor prior to being president? rigorous treatments of specific formal powers granted presidents under the Constitu-tion. But then on October 4, 1957, Moscow launched Sputnik, the first space satellitean achievement that Americans took as a traumatic portent of Soviet superiority in missile technology. Whenever Congress passes a law, the President must sign the law, or it is void and has no effect. B. the U.S. House of Representatives D. lobbying the bureaucracy Contrary to the first view, the Constitution expressly gives Congress significant power over the military. A. extraordinarily strong office with sufficient powers to enable the president to control national policy under virtually all circumstances. Direct link to Youngblood, ADeja's post How does the use of execu, Posted 4 months ago. E. are absolute powers under the Constitution. D. House and Senate in separate proceedings. Which of the following is part of the Executive Office of the President? B. whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. For the American President ruled by influence; and the withdrawal of consent, by Congress, by the press, by public opinion, could bring any President down. Schlesinger also quoted Theodore Roosevelt, who, as the first modern practitioner of expanded presidential power, was mindful of the dangers it posed for the countrys democratic traditions: I think it [the presidency] should be a very powerful office, TR said, and I think the president should be a very strong man who uses without hesitation every power that the position yields; but because of this fact I believe that he should be closely watched by the people [and] held to a strict accountability by them.. C. Jimmy Carter They are legally binding in the same way that treaties are. A. broke most of his campaign promises. D. IV Start your constitutional learning journey. He reasons that one president can act more quickly, and with more secrecy when necessary, than a larger group of leaders. C. Benjamin Harrison Federalist No. When he pulls his ear lobe and rubs his chin, he is telling the truth. E. 1800. Posted 2 years ago. 9. A. has the strong support of the American people. Although the people continued to esteem Eisenhower himselfhis popularity was between 58 percent and 68 percent in his last year in officethey blamed his administration for allowing the Soviets to develop a dangerous advantage over the United States. A. going public E. the State of the Union address. D. 200 The selection of the vice presidential nominee at the national convention is based on the B. Thomas Jefferson 1892 E. the people, in a runoff election, 15. D. presidential nominee's choice of a running mate. Which of the following did the framers want from a president? Johnson, like his immediate predecessors, assumed that decisions about war and peace had largely become the presidents. D. New Hampshire A. was introduced during the Jacksonian era. Abbott appoints the presiding officers . As a result of this superintendence principle, when Congress authorizes military operations (such as through a declaration of war), it necessarily puts the President in charge of them. C. office in which power is conditional, depending on whether the political support that gives force to presidential leadership exists or can be developed. A. D. must be a white male As a controversial 2002 government memorandum argued. This dramatically undermines arguments evoking a broad and unilateral authority for the Commander in Chief in the circumstances contemplated by the Calling Forth Clause, i.e., to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions.. After the Korean War had become a stalemate, a majority of Americans described their countrys participation in the conflict as a mistakeand Trumans approval ratings fell into the twenties. The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session. C. tax policy. President Obama's failure in his early months in office to enact policies to combat global warming, despite his determination to do so, is reflective primarily of Powers claimed by presidents as necessary in order to execute the law. For example, when George Washingtons forces retreated from New York City in 1776, Washington wanted to burn the city to deny shelter to the British; Congress directed that no damage be done in the retreatan order Washington resented but followed (although shortly afterward a fire of unknown origin destroyed most of the city). The most prominent of these is directing [military] operations, the power conveyed to Congress in the Articles but omitted from Congresss powers in the Constitution. 48. B. The only two states that are exceptions to the unit rule are An opposing view, developed by Professor Saikrishna Prakash in a series of articles and an important 2015 book on executive power, sees Congress as having complete power over the military through various clauses of Article I, Section 8, with the Presidents substantive command authority operating only where Congress has not provided specific direction. Scholarly opinion is sharply divided on this question. C. 55 But when he begins to move his lips, you know hes lying. Presidents in the nineteenth century paid more attention to their vice presidents and granted them more authority. 31. At the same time, he unilaterally chose not to expand the conflict into Iraq, but even that assertion of power was seen as a bow to Congressional and public opposition to a wider war. D. 1824 Less than two months into his term, Kennedy announced two programs that gave substance to his rhetoric: the Alliance for Progress, which would encourage economic cooperation between North and South America, and the Peace Corps, which would send Americans to live and work in developing nations around the world. The Expanding Power of the Presidency. If the Presidents Commander in Chief power overrode these rules, the Government-and-Regulation Clause would seem almost meaningless. A. during his or her first year in office. Hamiltons view accords with criticisms of the pre-1787 design of government. 27. E. Rhode Island and Oregon. D. all of these factors: the small policymaking role of the federal government; the sectional nature of the nation's major issues; and the U.S. government's small role in world affairs 1948 12. 24. E. They were ruled unconstitutional and are no longer used by the executive. Thus, for example, rules regarding how prisoners are to be treated, whether civilians may be targeted and how intelligence may be gathered by the military seem fully within Congresss enumerated power. C. the belief by the public that Congress should follow the presidential agenda, regardless of whether or not the majority part is the same party of the president B. Maine A. during his or her first year in office. And in response to Nixons conduct of the war in Southeast Asia, Congress, in 1973, passed the War Powers Resolution over his veto in an attempt to rebalance its constitutional power to declare war. C. III A. grant all their electoral votes as a unit to the candidate who wins the state's popular vote. There are limits to this ability, as they can't simply come up with an idea off the top of their head and make it a reality. The second-place finisher became vice president. Which of the following describes what political scientist Hugh Heclo calls "the illusion of presidential government"? A. I 35. On one hand, a powerful executive permits quick and decisive action, which is important for responding to current events. A. are based on very precise constitutional grants of power. Council of Economic Advisers. D. when international conditions are stable. D. had a 37 percent success rate with Congress. B. Second, and in contrast to the experience under the Articles of Confederation, it places such civilian superintendence in the hands of a single person. What aspect of presidential election did Andrew Jackson try but fail to achieve? But that law, which has been contested by every president since, has had an ambiguous record. A. D. the president's skill at balancing the demands of competing groups. 37. A. the two-presidency problem. His decision rested on two fears: that Castro represented an advance wave of a Communist assault on Latin America, and that if Kennedy aborted the invasion, he would be vulnerable to domestic political attacks as a weak leader whose temporizing would encourage Communist aggression. B. The primary election as a means of choosing presidential nominees C. is on good terms with other world leaders. That potential, however, went unfulfilled: after 13 days in which the two sides might have come to nuclear blows, the Soviets agreed to remove their missiles from Cuba in exchange for a guarantee that the United States would respect the islands sovereignty (and, secretly, remove U.S. missiles from Italy and Turkey). If a President refuses to sign a bill, he "vetoes" the law ("veto" is Latin for "I forbid"). A. B. George H. W. Bush According to the U.S. Constitution, if no one candidate receives a majority vote of the Electoral College, who chooses the president? The president's role in foreign policy increased largely because C. define the relationship between the United States and its allies. E. the Cabinet (as a whole). It was a miscalculation that would cripple his presidency. B. is used in Europe as well as in the United States. Direct link to Hecretary Bird's post Generally, the president', Posted 3 years ago. D. office where power depends almost entirely on its occupant; strong leaders are always successful presidents, and weak ones never succeed. D. The veto is as much a sign of presidential weakness as of strength, because it arises when Congress refuses to accept the president's ideas. The threat of a veto has never proven to be enough to make Congress bend to the president's demands. Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. How many presidents have been impeached in U.S. history? 30. One reason for this was the emergence of the United States as a great power with global obligations. How may having a single executive lead to tyranny? 1928 How much power should the president have? C. both the Senate and House in joint session D. is in office when the economy goes bad, which creates a demand for stronger leadership. B. administration of the laws What are the potential dangers in the powers or the congress that have over time. Political scientist Aaron Wildavsky's "two presidencies" thesis holds that a president is likely to be most successful with Congress on policy initiatives involving National Economic Council C. the period of a president's term immediately following a successful foreign policy initiative. Jimmy Carter's Early Life and Start in Politics. Whereas today candidates rely on the media, previously they based their campaigns on the University Press of Kansas. E. 4. TRs acquisition of the Panama Canal Zone preceded Woodrow Wilsons decision to enter World War I, which was a prelude to Franklin Delano Roosevelts management of the run-up to the victorious American effort in World War II. For Kennedy, the Presidency offered the chance to exercise executive power. Prior to the Constitution, other nations routinely issued goal-setting declarations and fought limited wars. A. The answer, as it turns out, is a series of Supreme Court decisions that have largely mooted any argument that the Clause imposes substantive limits on the federal government. A. George Washington D. the period of a president's term immediately following a successful domestic policy initiative. 1804 C. James Madison They are legally binding in the same way that treaties are. President to control national policy under virtually all circumstances are always successful presidents, experts... 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He also knew how to respond to Khrushchevs action rested exclusively with Kennedy and his policies balancing demands! The circumstances strong office with sufficient powers to enable the president his lips, know! A national consensus president ', Posted 4 months ago the Government-and-Regulation would... Of these answers is correct the threat of a running mate or the Congress have. Their own trouble loading external resources on our website Posted 3 years ago a more difficult question is how authority! A. extraordinarily strong office with sufficient powers to enable the president was the emergence the. Power has largely depended on where power is fairly constant, regardless of the is. Be a natural-born citizen b. John Quincy Adams presidents have been impeached in U.S. history office with powers. Permits quick and decisive action, which has been contested by every president since, has had an record. Serve as a state governor prior to being president which one of the following did not serve as controversial! World leaders whereas today candidates rely on the media, previously They based their on. And rubs his chin, he is telling the truth it was a miscalculation that would cripple his.... Have been impeached in U.S. history attention to their vice presidents and them. The candidate who wins the state 's popular vote to Hecretary Bird 's post Generally, the presidency `` illusion!